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Supermarkets typically offer just one choice of garlic. But gardeners who
enjoy complex flavors and ethnic cuisines can grow and enjoy the many colorful,
tasty varieties that have come from Asia, Europe, and Latin America.
You'll discover that growing garlic is nearly effortless, and it keeps your
garden productive when little else is growing. In most regions, you plant in the
fall (somewhere between the equinox and Columbus Day is traditional), then
harvest the following summer—with plenty of growing season left to plant
another crop in that space (such as a late crop of cabbage; garlic naturally
repels loopers). The only hard part is choosing which of the hundreds of existing
cultivated varieties to grow.
Softnecks and Hardnecks
Your first choice is between hardneck garlic (Allium sativum var. ophioscorodon)
and softneck garlic (A. sativum var. sativum). Or perhaps a few of each—garlic
takes up little room and cross-pollination is not an issue, so there's no reason
not to grow as many varieties as you can lay your hands on. Here are the key
differences between the two subspecies:
Softnecks are adapted to a wider range of climates, they keep longer in storage
(which is why supermarket garlics are almost always of this type), they tend to
mature faster, and they're generally more productive than hardnecks. The stems of
softnecks are easier to braid, but the cloves are comparatively hard to peel.
Hardnecks demand a little more attention than softnecks to produce good-quality
large bulbs. But they are more colorful and offer more variety of flavor. They
also produce a flower stalk or scape, prized for its delicate flavor when
harvested in spring while it is still tender. Removing the scape also encourages
more vigorous bulb production. (Some softnecks can occasionally develop flower
stalks.)
North and South
Within the broad categories of hardneck and softneck, garlic is further
classified into five types: The Purple Stripe, Porcelain, and Rocambole types are
hardnecks; Artichoke and Silverskin types are softnecks. Which are best for your
climate?
Most of the hardnecks do best where winters are cold, spring is damp and cool,
and summer is dry and warm—that is, in the Northeast, Midwest, northern tier
states, and Canada—advises Bob Anderson, owner of Gourmet Garlic Gardens in
Bangs, Texas. Rocamboles and Purple Stripes, in particular, thrive in more frigid
winters and cool springs, he says. Porcelains can fare well in warm-winter
climates in years when winter and spring tend toward the cooler side.
In the South, on the West Coast, and wherever winters are moderate, softnecks are
the least fussy, Anderson says. In particular, he recommends 'Creole Red', an
exquisite burgundy Silverskin with a unique clove pattern and "a taste that is
full but almost devoid of heat." Other Silverskins, Artichokes (the standard
variety in most supermarkets), and some of the marbled Purple Stripes
(particularly 'Metechi') also do well where winters are mild, he says.
When choosing any varieties for your climate, consider their place of origin.
'Siberian', 'Bogatyr', and 'Choparsky' (all hardnecks with large cloves) come
from cold and icy Russia, so it follows that they'll perform well in northern
zones of North America. 'Polish White' (a softneck also sold as 'New York White')
is adapted to the cold winters of Poland and so will also do well in cooler areas
of the United States. If you garden in a more moderate climate (humid or dry),
try 'Creole Red' (from Louisiana and California), 'Guatemalan Ikeda', 'Chelote'
(from an island near Chile), or 'Xi'an' (from China).
Despite all of these preferences, garlic is highly adaptable over time,
particularly when pampered. In my moderate northern California climate, I
successfully grow several varieties of each of the five main types, including 21
Rocamboles. If you find a variety that really moves you, give it at least two or
three years to adapt to your conditions and see what happens.
Farmers' markets and the many garlic festivals held throughout North America
each year present excellent opportunities to find varieties suited to your
conditions and your individual taste (a personal point indeed because we all have
different body chemistries). You can ask the local growers which varieties
perform best for them and probably buy some from them, too.
